Disinfection is when virtually all pathogenic microorganisms but not all microbial forms bacterial endospores on inanimate objects are eliminated. Sanitized means that a large number of organisms have been deactivated, such that there are probably not enough viable organisms left to cause a disease in humans.
Surgical instruments are sterile, most biosafety cabinets are disinfected, and food handling is sanitary. Chemicals used for biologic decontamination are called sterilizers, disinfectants, sanitizers, antiseptics and germicides. Based on strength, length of exposure and susceptibility of the organism, these are considered high, intermediate and low level disinfectants, in that order.
Chemicals commonly used for decontamination at Fred Hutch are listed below. See also Table 4. Rutola, American Journal of Infection Control, ,. Rutola, American Journal of Infection Control, , pp. The physical means most frequently used in decontamination are dry heat, moist heat, and incineration. Autoclaves may provide dry or moist heat, with moist heat being the most effective. Heat is effective against most viruses and bacteria encountered, and may be effective against spores and fungi.
Prions, spores, and temperature-resistant organisms may require additional time and adjunct chemical means to be completely deactivated. The amount of time the material is heated and the sustained temperature can be modified to achieve higher levels of decontamination.
The following is a comparison of the different types of sterilization and efficacy in different circumstances. The cycle time begins when the materials being sterilized reach the predetermined temperature. The duration required is dependent upon the volume of the load usually minutes. Each autoclave that uses steam sterilization must be biologically challenged using a biological indicator Bacillus stearothermophilus at least monthly.
Upon failure, the unit must pass two consecutive tests prior to use. Monitor effectiveness with a biological indicator. Each unit that uses dry heat must be biologically challenged using a biological indicator Bacillus subtilis at least weekly. Biohazard Safety Biological safety is dependent on many proper practices and barriers, including: Microbiological practices Technical proficiency Sterile technique Washing hands Good habits Primary barriers Biosafety cabinets Personal protective equipment 4.
Access to the laboratory is limited or restricted at the discretion of the PI when experiments or work with cultures and specimens are in progress. Workers shall wash their hands after they handle viable materials, after removing gloves, and before leaving the laboratory. Eating, drinking, smoking, handling contact lenses, applying cosmetics, and storing food for human consumption must not be permitted in laboratory areas.
Food must be stored outside the laboratory area in cabinets or refrigerators designated and used for this purpose. Mouth pipetting is prohibited. Policies for the safe handling and disposal of sharps are followed. All procedures are performed carefully to minimize the creation of splashes or aerosols. Work surfaces are decontaminated at least once each day and again after any spill of viable material. All cultures, stocks, and other regulated wastes are disposed of properly. Infectious waste requires decontamination before disposal by an approved decontamination method such as autoclaving.
Materials to be decontaminated outside of the immediate laboratory are to be placed in a durable, leak proof container and closed for transport from the laboratory. Materials to be decontaminated outside of the immediate laboratory are packaged in accordance with applicable local, state, and federal regulations before removal from the facility.
A biohazard sign must be posted at the entrance to a laboratory designated BSL-2 or higher. The sign or additional signage near by should include the name of the agent s in use, the biohazard level, the name and phone number of the investigator, and emergency contact information. An insect and rodent control program must be in effect.
A lab coat, gloves, and safety glasses must be worn when handling infectious materials. The HAMM manual is available to lab staff. Biosafety cabinets BSCs are used when there is potential for creating aerosols. High concentrations or large volumes of infectious materials can be centrifuged outside the BSC only if the centrifuge tubes are sealed and opened inside a BSC.
Labeling done in accordance with Section 7. Keep tubes stoppered when vortexing or centrifuging. Consider using tubes with screw-on tops. If an aerosol has been created, leave the area and allow the droplets to settle. They must be discarded using the online hazardous waste pick up program through EHS. You can find the form online. Animal carcasses are disposed of through the Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine.
Animal carcasses, body parts, and bedding from animals inoculated with infectious agents, are disposed of by incineration. These materials are to be placed in boxes provided by DLAM and marked for incineration. No needles or other type of metal and no PVC plastic are to be placed in the collection boxes. Use only non PVC plastic bags. Carcasses contaminated with radioisotopes or carcinogens are picked up by the Department of Environment, Health and Safety.
Contaminated materials should never be left in hallways or other public spaces prior to autoclaving. Biohazard bags should remain in the laboratory until they are ready to be placed in the autoclave. Never leave bags sitting on the floor next to the autoclave.. Bags that are closed and ready for autoclaving must be placed in secondary containment as shown.
If the bags are being transported to the autoclave, they must be contained in closed, hardwalled secondary containers. Minimize contact with biohazard waste as much as possible.
Indicator tape should be applied when placing the new autoclave bag into the hard-walled outer container; this will reduce handling of the biohazard waste during removal.
The heat sensitive tape is to be of the type that changes color, such as the type that stripes appear on after treatment. This tape is available from Fisher Scientific as Once the autoclave disinfection is complete, the tops of the bags may be sealed tightly with lab tape.
After the proper autoclave waste decontamination steps are followed as listed below, the decontaminated waste is then placed in a 44 gallon or 32 gallon white Rubbermaid Brute container with a drum dolly , lined with black plastic garbage bags, and located in the vicinity of the autoclave. Biohazard bags placed in the white Brute containers and marked with the heat sensitive tape signal to Housekeeping that the waste is safe and ready to be removed from the laboratory for disposal in the dumpster.
Each department is responsible for providing an adequate number of these containers which are available from the Fisher Scientific. Housekeeping will not remove or otherwise handle overflowing waste or waste in untreated biohazard bags. Autoclaving, or steam sterilization, is the most dependable procedure for the destruction of all forms of microbial life.
Proper temperature and exposure time are critical factors in ensuring the reliability of this method. These critical factors are dependent upon steam penetration to every part of the waste load. Therefore, the autoclave user must be mindful to prevent the entrapment of air. If all the air is not allowed to escape from the waste during the cycle, it cannot be replaced by steam.
Saturated steam is employed under pressure at least 15 pounds per square inch to achieve a chamber temperature of at least C F for a minimum of 15 minutes.
This time is measured after the temperature of the steam saturated material being sterilized reaches C. The hazards associated with autoclaves include extreme heat and high pressure and large, heavy doors and loading carriage. When operating an autoclave the following safety procedures must be followed:.
Please click here to see any active alerts. Questions have been raised to the Environmental Protection Agency EPA concerning certain labeling claims for cleaning products.
The fact sheet includes examples of cleaning product claims that are considered to be pesticidal, are considered not to be pesticidal, and that may or may not be pesticidal depending on the context in which they are presented. In articulating existing law and policy, this document does not establish new policy or guidance, nor does it expand the scope of coverage under applicable law or regulations.
A product is considered to be intended for a pesticidal purpose if, among other things, the person who distributes or sells it claims, states, or implies that the product prevents, destroys, repels or mitigates a pest. A product need not act directly on a pest in order for it to mitigate the pest and be considered a pesticide [see: Administrative Law Judge decision for Aquarium Products, Inc ]. Certain products may have effects that mitigate pests without being intended for a pesticidal purpose.
However, the regulation provides, and EPA considers, that these types of products are not pesticides only if no pesticidal claim is made on their labeling or in connection with their sale and distribution. In other words, where a claim or implication is made in connection with the sale or distribution of a cleaning product that its use will mitigate a pest, either by itself or in combination with any other substance, the product would be considered to be intended for a pesticidal purpose and would therefore be required to be registered.
The following examples indicate where the Agency believes pesticidal claims are or are not being made. This representative list is not intended to be an all-inclusive listing of potential claims.
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