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Evaluating visitor conservation research at the Monterey Bay aquarium. Keywords: human-animal interactions, zoo visitors, zoo research, visitor perceptions, visitor behaviors, visitor education, conservation. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice.
No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Fernandez, efernandez my. What Is the Zoo Experience? Godinez 1 and Eduardo J. Introduction Modern zoos have a variety of functions both relative to the species exhibited and the conservation of wildlife in general.
Effects of the Zoo Environment on Visitor Perceptions While interacting with the zoo environment, visitors form perceptions of their surroundings. Zoo Visitors Conservation Behaviors Recent studies have focused on quantifying the effect of zoo visitation on the conservation efforts of those visitors. Visitor Conservation Opportunities at the Zoo In situ opportunities for conservation activities provide visitors with a tangible way to contribute to conservation efforts, especially since previous work suggests that visitors are uncertain how to become involved beyond donating money Ojalammi and Nygren, Our recommendations are to continue measuring the impact—or to begin measuring the impact—of the following: 1.
Author Contributions AG and EF co-wrote and edited the manuscript, as well as researched literature for this review. Conflict of Interest Statement The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
With landscape immersion and education programs, zoos demonstrate the complex interdependence between plants and animals that have evolved over millions of years, and which are now increasingly vulnerable because of pesticide use, habitat loss, and decreased biodiversity.
This complex interdependence is not as evident nor as understandable, in picture form. A picture may be worth a thousand words, but being able to see, hear, and smell the real live animals and simulations of their natural habitats will better lead people to understand that we need to help preserve what limited natural environment is left in this world.
As we increasingly browse the World Wide Web rather than observe a spider spinning a web, are exposed more to rap than a bird song, and spend more time in shopping malls than meadows, we need zoos more than ever to rekindle the love and respect for wildlife. For example, the replication of the African savannah at a zoo provides us with knowledge of the complex interdependence of animals and their ecosystem. While exposure changes are obvious changes in the defining factors of zoos, what may not be obvious are the changes made to address the arguments that while zoos may consider diet and habitat, they fail to view the animals holistically and consider.
Critics believe that no attention is given to acoustic comforts, soft lighting, behavioral and psychological needs.
Since these needs are not met in an obvious way, many critics do not see the work that zoos provide in these areas. For instance, upon visiting the. Philadelphia Zoo, I learned from the zookeepers that they conducted research, which found that naked mole rats preferred rock music and the giraffes preferred jazz; thus, they are provided with the appropriate acoustical pleasures.
The lighting is softened, and many behavioral techniques are employed to engage their minds. Zookeepers are providing enriching habitats and activities that mimic by mimicking aspects of their lives in the wild. Every animal has its own repertoire of behaviors, and zoos help provide habitats to perform those behaviors. One technique utilized to challenge the minds of animals in captivity is to hide food. This daily enrichment, having to search for their food, instead of it being delivered to them like room service at a hotel, simulates the work that they do naturally in the wild to forage and find their food.
Zoos are giving animals the opportunities to express their species-typical range of behaviors. Gorillas, chimpanzees, and baboons, for example, are often given feeding tubes—either bamboo or paper- towel tubes— with popcorn, raisins, cereal, and peanut butter hidden inside, which, when full, provide a challenge and, when empty, provide entertainment.
At the Philadelphia Zoo, primates can be seen paging through a telephone book laced with honey on select pages. Slowly, their rough fingers caress the flimsy paper, turning page after page as if reading a suspenseful Stephen King novel, until a honey page is found, and then they tear out and consume the page as if they were characters in the same novel.
During the day, when the tigers are returned to their exposure, they are interested in searching for the smorgasbord of scents left by the nighttime guests.
Perhaps the most important addition to the new definition of the zoo is the fact that zoos are crucial in preventing extinction because they conserve animals and their habitats. Animals are bred in zoos for other zoos as well as placement back into the wild.
This began two decades ago with a revolutionary captive breeding and reintroduction program of the golden lion tamarins in a joint effort between the Washington National Zoo in Brazil. The golden lion tamarins are monkeys whose native habitat, the Atlantic coastal rainforest of Brazil, has been largely depleted. Michael Klesius in the June National Geographic reports that since , a coalition of zoos and takhi conservation groups put back takhi, or Prezwalski horses into Mongolia.
The takhi are Asian equids that were previously extinct in the wild since They are the only remaining wild horse species left in the world. Can you imagine the renewed sight of these horses galloping across the Gobi Desert and the Mongolian Steppe, their natural habitat? Smithsonian writer, Laura Tangley in the June edition of its magazine, also reported the success of the zoo panda breeding programs. It has been a long, difficult road with its surviving captive-bred panda, a culmination of ten years of research between American and Chinese zoos.
Pandas are difficult to breed and when born, weigh about a quarter pound, the weight of a stick of butter, and thus have a low survival rate. The research conducted at zoos helps us understand how we can best preserve the animals in their natural habitat.
In either case, zoos at least in the U. While a bad collection should not be ignored, if you are worried the care and treatment of animals in captivity I can point to a great many farms, breeders, dealers and private owners who are in far greater need or inspection, improvement or both. But at what point does that become captivity? A m fence?
What if veterinary care is provided or extra food as in many reserves or as part of conservation projects. What I would state with absolute confidence is that for many species but no, not all it is perfectly possible to keep them in a zoo or wildlife park and for them to have a quality of life as high or higher than in the wild.
They can be spared bullying or social ostracism or even infanticide by others of their kind, or a lack of a suitable home or environment in which to live. So a good zoo will provide great care and protection to animals in their care. These are good things for the individuals concerned, but what do zoos actually bring to the table for the visitors and the wider world? This is, naturally, what I want to focus on, but it is I hope worth having dealt with the more obvious objections and misapprehensions.
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